Menstruation in Virgins Essay example -- Ancient Greece Puberty Female

Menstruation in Virgins Modern society has grown to believe that puberty in young girls, watching as they develop in to women is something beautiful. Though a confusing time, it is also important and special, and even menstruation is seen as a unique rite of passage. This wasn’t always true. In ancient Greece, it simply signaled the time when a girl could physically begin to reproduce, which also meant marriage and management of her own household. Traditionally, the justification for puberty and menstruation came spiritually, the gods deciding that this was the time for such a transition. Beginning in the 4th century B.C., a small group, including Hippocrates, began to form theories that all behavior, including those associated with menstruation, could be explained physiologically—any erratic activity or withdrawn moods was simply called â€Å"hysteria.† What the Hippocratics failed to appreciate, though, was the cultural significance of the period through which these g irls were going, and the great stress that it created for them. The hysteria that occurred during puberty was due just as much to cultural and psychological factors as physiological factors. According to Hippocrates, menstruation began the same in all women--the blood collected in the womb in order to flow out. When a girl was no longer a virgin, and her â€Å"egress† opened, then she could menstruate safely with a clear pathway from the womb. If the girl’s virginity was still intact, as was common at the time of their first periods, and the egress was not open, then the blood could not flow as freely and instead gathered around the heart and lungs. When â€Å"these [were] filled with blood, the heart [became] sluggish, and then, becau... ...n their own they sound ludicrous as sole explanations for this change and â€Å"insanity† in both females and males. The public knowledge that we all have now was not so true in Greece 2500 years ago. Those that aligned with Hippocrates believed in the physical body, the women themselves behaved culturally and spiritually, and Galen put himself out on a limb to adhere to psychological beliefs--beliefs that would not be rediscovered again until the twentieth century (Galen, Diotima, 352). Perhaps we should be thankful that the modern world does not adhere to just one discipline in order to explain the phenomena occurring in our own bodies—girls experiencing puberty are not hysterical, the gods are not punishing them, and they are not merely encountering â€Å"mental uneasiness.† They are menstruating, and growing, and developing—events that have become something beautiful.

Headloss Through a Valve

Fluid Mechanics Lab Head Loss Through a Valve April 24, 2012 Abstract This experiment determined the relationship between the head loss through a gate valve and the degree of opening of that valve with varying flow rates. The objective of this experiment was to determine the valve loss coefficient, K, for a specific gate valve as a function of both the pipe Reynolds Number, and the degree of opening. The relationship between the Reynolds Number and the friction factor was constant. Regardless of what the Reynolds Number was, the friction factor remained the same.This means that the valve head loss coefficient, K, only depended on the degree of opening of the gate valve. As the valve is slowly turned closed, the Major Head Loss due to friction along the pipe, decreases, and the Minor Head Loss, due to the friction through the gate valve, increases. There is a positive linear relationship between the Reynolds Number and the head loss coefficient. The slope of this linear relationship s howed that as the flow rate increases, the velocity increases which means the Reynolds Number gets bigger and the head loss coefficient increases.Therefore, the higher the flow and the smaller the degree of opening of the gate valve, the greater the head loss becomes through the gate valve. Table of contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ i 1Introduction1 1. 1Background1 1. 2Theory1 1. 3Objective1 2Apparatus and Supplies1 3Procedures4 4Equations4 5Experimental Results5 6Error Analysis9 7Conclusions9 8Recommendations for Further Studies10 9References10 APPENDIX Table of Figures Figure 21: Pressure Differential Gauge ? p. 2 Figure 22: Weighing Tank with Dump Valve open. 3 Figure 23: Pressure Differential Gauge between Valve Set-up3Table 51: Constants and given values. 5 Table 52: Measured Data. 5 Table 53: Volumetric Flow, Velocity, Reynolds #, Head Loss Coefficient. 6 Table 54: Real values of K, Major Head Loss, Minor Head Loss. 6 Introduction Background Gate valves are frequently used when constructing and fitting pipes. They provide the capability to shut off specific lines so that repairs or renovations can be made without having to turn off the main supply lines. Although these valves are useful, they also disturb the normal flow and cause friction. Theory The head loss coefficient, K, for a gate valve is related to the Minor Head Loss, Hlm, where Hlm=V22gK.The total head loss in the pipe is divided into two parts: the Major Head Loss, Hf, due to the pipe friction over length L, and the Minor Head Loss. Using the Bernoulli’s energy equation, the coefficient, K, can be found: K=2g? PV2? -fLD. Objective The objective of this experiment was to determine the valve loss coefficient, K, for a specific gate valve as a funct ion of both the pipe Reynolds Number, and the degree of opening. Apparatus and Supplies * 1 Weighing Tank with Dump Valve ( ±0. 5 lb) * 2 Stop Watches ( ±0. 01 sec) * Galvanized Iron pipe 27 inches ( ±0. 03125 in) long with a diameter of 1. 1 inches ( ±0. 0005 in) * 1 Pressure Differential Gauge ( ±0. 05 psi) * 1 Valve located in between the Pressure Differential Gauge on Galvanized Iron Pipe Figure 21: Pressure Differential Gauge ? p. Weighing Tank Dump Valve Figure 22: Weighing Tank with Dump Valve open. Figure 23: Pressure Differential Gauge between Valve Set-up Procedures 1. Measure the distance between the upstream and downstream pressure tabs. 2. Turn the handle on the gate valve to determine how many turns exist between fully-opened and fully-closed. 3. Turn on the pump and open the dump valve in the weighing tank. 4.Turn the gate valve so that it is completely open. 5. Record the Pressure Difference 6. Close the dump valve in the weighing tank. 7. Start and stop th e stopwatches over a 100 lb difference and record the times. 8. Open the dump valve in the weighing tank and allow water to drain into the sump. 9. Change the flow of water. Do not change the gate valve. 10. Repeat steps 5-8. 11. Turn the gate valve to 75% open. 12. Change the flow of water. 13. Repeat steps 5-9 a total of three (3) times. 14. Turn the gate valve to 50% open. 15. Repeat steps 12 and 13. 16. Turn the gate valve to 25% open. 17. Repeat steps 13 and 13.Equations Head Loss Coefficient: K=2g? pV2? -fLD Major Head Loss: hf=fLDV22g Minor Head Loss: hlm=KV22g Reynolds Number: Re=VD? Area of Pipe2: A=? 4D2 Velocity: V=QA1 Volumetric Discharge: Q=? W? t*? Experimental Results Table 51: Constants and given values. Table 52: Measured Data. The friction factor f=0. 049 was calculated based on Ks/D and the Reynolds Number. Table 53: Volumetric Flow, Velocity, Reynolds #, Head Loss Coefficient. Table 54: Real values of K, Major Head Loss, Minor Head Loss. Error Analysis There were some values calculated for the valve loss coefficient, K, which were negative.This is impossible because a negative K value would give you an overall gain in energy as water flows through the valve according to Bernoulli's energy equation. According to the equation used, gravity and the specific weight of water are constant. The length and diameter of the pipe along with the velocity had relative errors due to human accuracy, but all of these were negligible. This leaves the friction factor, f, and the pressure differential readings. The calculated value of the friction factor was given and was probably over estimated and the absolute roughness of the pipe was less.The accuracy of the pressure differential gauge was also a possible source of error. Looking at the data, the first five readings all had negative K values and they all had very low pressure differential readings. The accuracy of the readings become more inaccurate the closer the readings are to the endpoints of the scal e. Conclusions According to the Moody Diagram and the absolute roughness stated, the relationship between the Reynolds Number and the friction factor was constant. Regardless of what the Reynolds Number was, the friction factor remained the same.This means that the valve head loss coefficient, K, was only depended on the degree of opening of the gate valve. As the valve is slowly turned closed, the Major Head Loss due to friction along the pipe, decreases, and the Minor Head Loss, due to the friction through the gate valve, increases. There is a positive linear relationship between the Reynolds Number and the head loss coefficient. The slope of this linear relationship showed that as the flow rate increases, the velocity increases which means the Reynolds Number gets bigger and the head loss coefficient increases.Therefore, the higher the flow and the smaller the degree of opening of the gate valve, the greater the head loss becomes through the gate valve. Recommendations for Furthe r Studies The experiment could set minimum and maximum standards for readings off the pressure differential gauge. For each valve reading, making the minimum pressure difference greater than 1. 0 PSI and less than 9 PSI would ensure that there are no endpoint inaccuracies. References Giles, Ranald V. , Jack B. Evett, and Cheng Liu. Schaum's Outline of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print. Appendix

Violence in Youth Sports Essay - 2161 Words

Violence in Youth Sports A calm Saturday afternoon at the sports fields, wind blowing, sun shining down, not a cloud in the sky. This is quite possible the perfect day, that is, until they start. The one parent in the back of the crowd or off to the side, the one that argues every call, screams at their own child, and even goes so far as to taunt the other team’s players. This once scarce phenomenon of parents getting out of control has escalated to new levels not only in the number of incidents, but also in the level of severity of these incidents. When children sign up for sports they do it to be with friends, to have fun, and to learn the fundamentals of the game, however this is not what they are getting and this new†¦show more content†¦At a swim meet an irate mother slapped her daughter across the face after her daughter had shown up late for a heat and been disqualified. The mother never bothered to find out why she missed the heat, but as it turned out the da ughter had been comforting a friend who had had a lousy race and was sobbing devastated in the locker room. Again the children are doing nothing wrong, or in this case the absolute right thing, and their parents are making them as a result. Though the aforementioned events are enough of a tragedy at least two worse events have occurred, one leaving a man crippled and the other leaving a man dead. In the first event John Hills, a Lemont little league coach, complained that the other coach, 16-year-old George Loy Jr., was making the calls before the umpires and influencing the game. As the game progressed George Loy Sr. began to tease and antagonize Hills, going so far as to promise to get him after the game. As the sixth inning ended, Hills bent over to pick up his scorebook, only to be driven to the ground with punches and kicks by Loy Sr.. 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